1. Chemistry of Living Organisms and Biomolecules (Water / Carbohydrates / Lipids / Proteins / Nucleic Acids)

1.1 Water and its Characteristics, Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances

I. Water

• Surface tension(표면장력)
  • 몇몇 곤충들이
• Capillarity(모세관 현상)
  • Adhesive forces(접착력) > Cohesive forces(응집력)
  • 가는 관일수록 물이 높이 채워짐
• Density
  • 4℃까지 증가하다가 어는점으로 가면서 감소

II. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances

Hydrophilic : 친수성(물을 좋아함)

• 예시 : glucose, mineral salts, alcohols, urea

Hydrophobic : 소수성(물을 싫어함)

• 예시 : lipids, oils, alkanes, benzene

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1.2 Carbohydrates

• monosaccharide가 basic unit
• monosaccharides(단당류), disaccharides(이당류), oligosaccharides(3-10), polysaccharides(>10, 다당류)로 구분

I. Monosaccharides(단당류)

	Hexoses(6탄당)	Pentoses(5탄당)
Aldoses	Glucose(포도당), Galactose	Ribose, Deoxyribose
Ketoses	Fructose(과당)	Ribulose

** Aldoses : CHO(알데히드)를 가짐

** Ketoses : CO(케톤)을 가짐

II. Disaccharides(이당류)

Sucrose(자당)	Maltose(맥아당)	Lactose(유당)
Glucose + Fructose	Glucose + Glucose	Glucose + Galactose
ɑ-1, 2-glycosidic bond	ɑ-1, 4-glycosidic bond	ß-1, 4-glycosidic bond

Q. 우유를 먹어야 하는데 Lactose를 분해하지 못하는 아기는 어떻게 하나?

III. Polysaccharides(다당류)

	Glycogen(글리코젠)	Starch(전분)	Cellulose(셀룰로오스)
Composition	Monomers of glucose (and glycogenin)	Monomers of glucose	Monomers of glucose
Bond	ɑ-1, 4-glycosidic bond & ɑ-1, 6-glycosidic bond	ɑ-1, 4-glycosidic bond & ɑ-1, 6-glycosidic bond	ß-1, 4-glycosidic bond
Cell	Animal	Plant	Plant
Function	Energy storage	Energy storage	Structural

** monomers : monomer이 모여 polymer(고분자) 형성

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1.3 Lipids(지질)

Functions

• Energy Storage
• Structural
• Intercellular communication

** 지용성 비타민 : DANKE

I. Triglycerides(중성지방)

II. Phospholipids(인지질)

(이미지 출처 : OpenStax College)

III. Steroids

Basic Structure

• 3 six-carbon rings
• 1 five-carbon ring

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1.4 Proteins(단백질)

Functions

• Bioogical catalysts (enzymes)
• Transport (carriers)
• Mechanical (muscle)
• Immune defense (antibodies)
• Chemical messengers (hormones)

	Primary structure	Secondary structure	Tertiary structure	Quaternary structure
Constituent Structure	Animo acid chain	Regions of ɑ-helix & ß-sheet	Globular or Filamentous shape	Multiprotein complexes
Characterizing Bonds	Peptide bonds	Hydrogen bonds	Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic bonds	Union of 2 or more polypeptide chains

I. Enzymes

have

• Active site(활성 부위)
• Allosteric site(다른 자리 입체성 부위)
• Cofactor(보조인자)

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5.1 Nucleic Acids(핵산)

: 유전 정보를 저장하고 전달하는 생체 고분자.

생명체의 생명활동 조절 및 세포 구조와 기능 유지

예시 : RNA, DNA

Structure

• 5-carbon pentose sugar
• Nitrogenous base(linked to C1 of sugar)
• 1, 2, or 3 phosphate groups(linked to C5 of sugar)

** Phosphodiester bond(포스포다이에스터 결합)

: 한 뉴클레오파이드의 3′-수산기와 다른 뉴클레오타이드의 5′-인산기 간의 탈수축종합반응으로 물 분자가 빠져나가며 결합되는 반응

I. RNA & DNA

	RNA	DNA
Strand	Single	Double
Bases	Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Uracil	Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine
Pentose sugar	Ribose	2′-Deoxyribose
Hydrogen bonds	Absent	btw complementary bases