2. Cytology(세포학) / Prokarya / Eukarya / Membrane Transport / Junctions / Endomembrane System / Eukaryotic Cellular Components

Cytology(세포학)에 대해 알아보자.

BIO 이전 포스팅 👉https://surfer1225blog.com/chemistry-of-living-organisms-and-biomolecules/

Cytology

2.1 Classification of Living Organisms

I. Domains

  1. Prokarya(원핵생물)
    • Bacteria(박테리아)
    • Archaea(고세균)
  2. Eukarya(진핵생물)
    • Protists(원생생물)
    • Fungi(곰팡이/균류)
    • Plants(식물)
    • Animals(동물)

II. Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

  1. Heterotrophs(종속 영양 생물)
    • 다른 생물로부터 organic substance를 얻어야 생존가능한 생물
  2. Autotrophs(독립 영양 생물)
    • 스스로 organic substance를 합성해 생존 가능한 생물
Definition
Nucleoid(DNA + RNA + 단백질)원핵생물의 고리 염색체가 위치한 세포의 부분(진핵생물의 핵 같은 역할)
Ribosome(리보솜)단백질 합성 역할을 하는, rRNA와 단백질로 이루어진 Molecular complexes
Plasmid(플라스미드)박테리아의 세포질(cytoplasm)에 위치한 작은 원형의 DNA 필라멘트

** Ribosome은 모든 생물이 다 가지는 것 아닌가? O

  • Prokaryotes : 70s(smaller)
  • Eukaryotes : 80s(larger)

2.2 Plasma membrane

CompositionFunction
Lipids(60%)– phospholipids
– cholesterol
– ensure membrane structure
– fluidity
Proteins(30%)– transporters / channels
– receptors
– exchange of ion and solute
– response to signals
Carbohydrates(10%)– glycoproteins
– glycolipids
– cell recognition & interaction

2.3 Membrane Transport

Passive TransportActive Transport
following the gradientAgainst Gradient (need protein carriers)
ATP not requiredATP required
simple diffusion / facilitated diffusiononly through protein carriers

** Sodium-Potassium pump에서 Na+ : 3 ions, K+ : 2 ions enter / exit

I. Osmosis(삼투)

  • Movement of solvent(용매)
  • Lower solute concentration(hypotonic compartment) → Higher solute concentration(hypertonic compartment)
Cytology_Osmosis
(출처 : https://edubirdie.com/docs/american-career-college/phys111-human-physiology/50500-osmotic-fragility-of-rbcs)

** Hypotonic ( 용혈 현상) : erythrocyte(적혈구) 파괴

  • 구상적혈구증
  • 지중해빈혈

II. Mass Transport(질량 수송 / 대량 수송)

image 3
(출처 : https://www.labxchange.org/library/pathway/lx-pathway:c8b529f2-c589-487b-876f-6d35e0076eb3/items/lx-pb:c8b529f2-c589-487b-876f-6d35e0076eb3:html:6dc6cad4)
  1. Phagocytosis(식세포 작용)
  2. Pinocytosis(음세포 작용)
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis(수용체 매개 세포 내 섭취)
    • 대장암 조직에서 미세 플라스틱 흡수를 촉진시킨다는 연구 결과 존재.
Simple diffusion(단순 확산)Non-polar molecules, small polar molecules
Facilitated diffusion(촉진 확산)Large polar molecules
Regulated diffusion(조절 확산)Ions
Endocytosis(세포 내 유입) / Exocytosis(세포 외 유출)Large molecules

2.4 Junctions

FunctionCompositionLocation
Tight junctions(밀착연접)– 장벽 역할Protein complexesEpidermis(상피), intestine, bladder(방광)
Adherens junctions(부착연접)– 세포 형태 유지
– 신호 전달
Actin microfilaments, cadherinEpithelium(상피)
Desmosomes– 세포 간 강한 기계적 접착Intermediate filaments기계적 stress 큰 조직에서 중요(heart)
Hemidesmosomes– 세포와 기저막 한쪽 면만 연결Intermediate filamentsEpithelial cells(상피 세포)
Gap junctions(간극연접)– 세포질에서 세포 간 연접. electrical synapses 형성Protein channels(connexons)심장근 세포

** Intercalated Discs(서로 반대 역할)

  • Desmosomes = resist mechanical forces
  • Gap junctions = rapid impulse transmission

2.5 Endomembrane System(내막계)

RERRESGolgi
Structural unitCisternae(납작하게 생긴 막 구조의 주머니)TubulesVesicles(막으로 둘러싸인 작은 구형 구조)
LocationCytoplasmic(세포질), perinuclear(핵 주위)Cytoplasmic(세포질), continuous with RERCytoplasmic(세포질), sometimes near ER
AppearanceRough(ribosome)Smooth(No ribosome)Flattened vesicles
FunctionsPost-translation
(Glycosylation 초기 단계)
– Lipid synthesis(지질 합성)
– Drug detoxification
– Calcium storage(칼슘 저장)
– Glycosylation(당화)
– Concentration & condensation of enzymes

2.6 Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cellular Components

I. Eukaryotic Cellular Components

StructureFunction
Nucleus(세포핵)protected and delimited by double membrane(2중막) containing cell’s genetic material
Necleolus(핵소체, 인)nuclear area dedicated to synthesis of rRNA
Cell membrane(세포막)phospholipid bilayer(인지질 이중층) 가진 막. support & compartment cell
Ribosoms(리보솜)mRNA에서 단백질 합성
RER리보솜이 부착하는 cisterns 시스템 → 세포 밖 단백질 변형에 관여
SERtubles 시스템 → lipid synthesis(지질 합성), detoxification of toxins, accumulation of Ca2+
Golgi apparatusvesicles 시스템 → glocosylation of lipids & protein(지질과 단백질 당화), condensation of enzymes, vesicular trafficking(세포 내 소포성 교환)
Lysosomes(리소좀)Digestions of exogenous(외생의) or endogenous(내생의) material through acidic hydrolases(산성 히드로라제)
Mitochondria– bounded by a double membrane(이중막)
– DNA 가짐
– aerobic cellular respiration(세포 호흡) & ATP synthesis(ATP 합성)
Chloroplasts(엽록체)– bounded by a double membrane(이중막)
– chlorophyll photosynthesis(엽록소 광합성)
Cytoskeleton(세포 골격)microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments의 네트워크

II. Plant Cell

Plant Cell만 추가로 가지는 구조

  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole(Lysosome 대신)

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